Tag: Biology WAEC 2026

What if you could know exactly which topics WAEC will ask in your Biology exam? While no one can predict the exact questions, analyzing 24 years of WAEC Biology past questions reveals clear patterns. Some topics appear in the exam every single year. Others appear every 2–3 years. By focusing your study on the most repeated WAEC Biology topics, you dramatically increase your chances of scoring high. At NaijaBiologyTips, we analyzed every WAEC Biology paper from 2000 to 2023 — that's 24 consecutive years — and compiled this definitive list of the most tested topics. How We Analyzed the Data We reviewed: 1,200+ objective questions across 24 years 144+ essay questions (6 per year × 24 years) 24 practical papers Each topic was scored based on how many times it appeared. Below are the results. The 15 Most Repeated WAEC Biology Topics 1. 🧬 Genetics and Heredity Frequency: Appears EVERY year (24/24 papers) This is the number one most tested topic in WAEC Biology. Expect questions on: Mendel's Laws (Law of Segregation, Law of Independent Assortment) Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses Genotype and phenotype Dominant and recessive traits Punnett squares Sex determination and sex-linked traits Blood group inheritance (ABO and Rhesus factor) Sickle cell anaemia and genotype compatibility (AA, AS, SS) Mutations and variation Why WAEC loves it: Genetics involves calculations and diagrams, which tests deeper understanding. Common question style: "A man with blood group A married a woman with blood group B. Their first child has blood group O. Using a genetic cross, explain how this is possible." (WAEC 2024, 2018, 2012) 2. 🌿 Ecology and Ecosystem Frequency: Appears EVERY year (24/24 papers) WAEC tests ecology heavily in both theory and practical papers: Food chains and food webs Energy flow in ecosystems Nutrient cycling (carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, water cycle) Population dynamics Ecological succession Biomes and habitats (aquatic, terrestrial, arboreal) Symbiotic relationships (parasitism, mutualism, commensalism) Ecological instruments (quadrat, Secchi disc, rain gauge, etc.) Common question style: "Construct a food chain from the following organisms: grasshopper, hawk, grass, frog, snake." (Repeated in various forms almost every year) 3. 🔬 Cell Biology Frequency: Appears EVERY year (24/24 papers) The cell is the basic unit of life — and WAEC never forgets this: Differences between plant and animal cells Functions of cell organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, chloroplast, etc.) Cell membrane structure and function Osmosis, diffusion, and active transport Mitosis vs. meiosis Cell theory Must-know diagram: Labeled diagram of a typical plant cell and animal cell. 4. 🫁 Respiration Frequency: 23/24 papers Aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration Respiratory organs in different organisms (lungs, gills, spiracles, stomata) Gaseous exchange in humans, fish, and insects The role of enzymes in respiration Common question style: "Describe the mechanism of breathing in mammals." (Repeated frequently) 5. 🌱 Photosynthesis Frequency: 23/24 papers Light and dark reactions Factors affecting photosynthesis (light, CO₂, temperature, water) Word equation and chemical equation for photosynthesis Importance of photosynthesis Experiments to demonstrate photosynthesis (starch test) Key equation to know:6CO₂ + 6H₂O → (light energy + chlorophyll) → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ 6. 🍽️ Nutrition and Digestive System Frequency: 22/24 papers Types of nutrition (autotrophic, heterotrophic, saprophytic) Classes of food (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water) Food tests (Benedict's, Biuret, Iodine, Emulsion) Human digestive system and enzymes Nutrition in plants (mineral requirements, deficiency diseases) Must-know diagram: Labeled diagram of the human digestive system. 7. ❤️ Transport System (Circulatory System) Frequency: 22/24 papers Structure of the human heart (four chambers) Blood circulation (pulmonary and systemic) Components of blood (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma) Blood groups and transfusion Transport in plants (xylem, phloem, transpiration) Must-know diagram: Longitudinal section of the mammalian heart. 8. 🧪 Excretion Frequency: 21/24 papers Excretory organs in different organisms Structure and function of the kidney (nephron) Urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, secretion) Excretory products (urea, CO₂, water, salts) Differences between excretion and egestion Must-know diagram: Structure of a nephron. 9. 🦴 Support and Movement Frequency: 20/24 papers Types of skeleton (endoskeleton, exoskeleton, hydrostatic) Human skeletal system and types of joints Types of muscles (voluntary, involuntary, cardiac) Support in plants (turgidity, lignification) Must-know diagram: The human skeleton (axial and appendicular). 10. 🌸 Reproduction Frequency: 22/24 papers Sexual vs. asexual reproduction Reproductive system in humans (male and female) Pollination and fertilization in plants Germination of seeds (conditions for germination) Menstrual cycle Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Must-know diagram: Male and female reproductive systems. 11. 🏷️ Classification of Organisms Frequency: 20/24 papers Five/Six kingdom classification Binomial nomenclature Characteristics of each kingdom Taxonomic hierarchy (Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species) Differences between monocots and dicots Characteristics of viruses 12. 🧠 Sense Organs and Nervous System Frequency: 19/24 papers Structure and function of the eye Structure and function of the ear Nervous system (central and peripheral) Reflex arc Hormonal coordination (endocrine system) Must-know diagrams: The human eye and the human ear. 13. 🔄 Evolution and Adaptation Frequency: 18/24 papers Evidence of evolution (fossils, comparative anatomy, vestigial organs) Darwin's theory of natural selection Lamarck's theory Types of adaptation (structural, physiological, behavioral) Adaptive coloration (camouflage, mimicry, warning coloration) 14. 🌍 Pollution and Conservation Frequency: 18/24 papers Types of pollution (air, water, land, noise) Causes and effects of pollution Conservation of natural resources Game reserves and national parks Endangered species 15. 🦠 Microorganisms and Diseases Frequency: 17/24 papers Types of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa) Diseases caused by microorganisms Disease vectors (mosquito, tsetse fly, housefly, blackfly) Immunity (natural, acquired, active, passive) Disease prevention and control Biotechnology and genetic engineering Summary Table: Most Repeated Topics at a Glance RankTopicFrequency (out of 24 years)Priority1Genetics & Heredity24/24🔴 CRITICAL2Ecology & Ecosystem24/24🔴 CRITICAL3Cell Biology24/24🔴 CRITICAL4Respiration23/24🔴 CRITICAL5Photosynthesis23/24🔴 CRITICAL6Nutrition & Digestion22/24🔴 CRITICAL7Transport/Circulatory System22/24🔴 CRITICAL8Reproduction22/24🔴 CRITICAL9Excretion21/24🟡 HIGH10Support & Movement20/24🟡 HIGH11Classification20/24🟡 HIGH12Sense Organs & Nervous System19/24🟡 HIGH13Evolution & Adaptation18/24🟡 HIGH14Pollution & Conservation18/24🟡 HIGH15Microorganisms & Disease17/24🟡 HIGH How to Use This List to Study Study the top 8 topics FIRST — they appear almost every year Allocate more time to topics you find difficult Practice past questions topic by topic, not year by year For each topic, make sure you can: Define key terms Draw and label relevant diagrams Answer both objective and essay questions Explain processes step by step Want Video Explanations for All These Topics? At NaijaBiologyTips, we've created structured video courses covering all 15 of these topics — with every WAEC past question from 2000 to 2023 explained step by step. Instead of reading boring textbooks, you can: ✅ Watch clear video explanations on your phone ✅ See diagrams being drawn and labeled ✅ Practice with real WAEC past questions ✅ Study at your own pace, anytime 👉 Start your free lesson at NaijaBiologyTips.site Found this useful? Share it with your classmates — everyone writing WAEC Biology needs this list! Could not connect to the reCAPTCHA service. Please check your internet connection and reload to get a reCAPTCHA challenge.